The industrial development in Japan after World War II Essay

The modern improvement in Japan after World War II - Essay Example Japan is supposed to be the chief exchanging and innovatively producing nation of the world. Before the world war II Japan was the focal point of a realm that now and again included Taiwan, Korea, Manchuria, quite a bit of eastern China, southern Sakhalin Island, and the Marshall and Mariana islands of the southwest Pacific Ocean.After the Meiji Restoration of 1868, the new government propelled a decided drive to set up a cutting edge modern economy moored in Western science and innovation. Current frameworks of training and banking were made. The legislature financed and worked new assembling, mining, and transportation adventures, and as they turned out to be monetarily reasonable it offered them to private interests. Proceeded with government bolster prompted the advancement after the 1890s of enormous scope, family-based endeavors (zaibatsu) in banking, transportation, and overwhelming businesses identified with weapon creation. Fiery private activity incited shopper businesses, for example, textiles.During the 1920s and 1930s, Japan's ventures developed consistently in assortment and specialized development. Fabricated products, for example, concrete, steel, bikes, straightforward modern hardware, substance manures, and prepared nourishments picked up in significance. Electric force age likewise expanded forcefully during this period. Despite these turns of events, the Japanese economy just before World War II was still in reverse in numerous regards. Advanced apparatus, synthetic concoctions, and refined metals must be imported.... 2,000,000 of its kin had passed on in the war, 33% of them regular folks. Air assaults had crushed its urban communities, and at any rate 13 million Japanese were destitute. Industry was at a halt, and even ranch yield had declined. Numerous Japanese wore clothes and were half-starved. All were intellectually and genuinely depleted. Without precedent for its history, Japan was a vanquished country involved by an outside force. These days, we can see a novel Japan horrendous with vitality and aspirations. Its economy is considered as a part of the top most economies of the world. The populace has gotten wealthy and the nation's fundamental islands are associated along with a system of passages and scaffolds slug trains continue running at a speed of around 195 kilometers for every hour. Thriving made new difficulties, in any case. The cost for Japan's prosperity included dangerous urban development and congestion, water and air contamination, and harm to a considerable lot of the country's grand fortunes. Slopes were hacked down for industrial facility locales or home-destinations, while mountains were destroyed by thruways to suit city visitors. For a period, Mount Fuji, Japan's most elevated mountain top nearly vanished from sight as a result of exhaust cloud made by processing plants and vehicles. Today, that brown haze is gone, on account of a portion of the world's most thorough measures for auto discharges and modern air contamination. In different territories, Japan despite everything battles to offset improvement with ecological insurance. It was once anticipated that Japan would turn into the world's biggest economy by 2000, however the image has changed drastically. Japan's land and securities exchanges fallen in 1989-92, starting the longest downturn since World War II. The economy stays frail in spite of tax reductions and gigantic government spending. However send out situated Japan despite everything runs a

Rap Music and Youth free essay sample

Hoodlum rap craftsmen have had many quarreling with the law just as with benefactors. This sort contains innumerable measures of Inappropriate topics, for example, murder, sexual attitude and burglary. Hoodlum rap music contrarily Influences youth through recommending provocative and savage pictures. Rap music ceaselessly influences Individuals all through their entire life. Beginning at young. Where studies have related lower grades with understudies who tune in to rap (Copley) until adulthood. Thus criminal rap starts to influence future character development.Many youth use rap music as a pressure reliever to discover somebody that comprehends the battles they face in day by day life. They see rappers as legends or mother kind of illuminating presence. While doing so youth attempt to locate a typical connection among themselves and the craftsman who is handing-off the music or whatever the melody is delineating. Somebody who encountered a similar issue they are currently participating in and has now succeeded and become famous. We will compose a custom article test on Rap Music and Youth or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Music is notable to interface with youths and to Influence Identity advancement maybe more than some other diversion medium (Tanner, Worldly and Seabirds).As an outcome they start to show and epitomize the things that are depicted in the music they hear. From that point, transforming naive youth into fake hoodlums. A large number of the homes that are portrayed In rap tunes are esteemed as negative and Inappropriate. Incalculable endeavors have been made to restrain or control what can be said In rap tunes. Rap is the main music class to have a melodic account of a tune be pronounced as criminally revolting by a government pass judgment or have a melodic of a tune recording boycotted by the law implementation .Equally Important, the manner in which ladies are explained and spoken to, keeps on framing savage and belittling perspectives against ladies. Taking into account that ladies were once celebrated and respected,in music now ladies are delineated as trench and prostitutes who sere as the sexual object of men or I OFF vocalizes ladies as useless and extra things of waste. Some young even attempt to move this celebrated existence of disregarding ladies to their own lives. C. Brogan,G Hall, and C Nagoya found that school guys who tuned in to misogynous Rap music were bound to show attacking or explicitly brutal film vignettes to female confederates. This transfigures too entire issue, the utilization of brutality In the previous 10 years there has been an expansion in youth savagery. Which has lead to numerous lamentable acts of mass violence and other rough acts, Rap music is one of the fundamental factors that are being accused for this issue. Rap craftsmen frequently delineate themselves being rich and living luxurious lives. Numerous rappers likewise state in their melodies how they gained their wealth through criminal operations, for example, selling unlawful medications or perpetrating robbery.The audience members frequently end up taking a work force stock of their own lives and contrasting the distinctions. What they see is faltering so audience members start to consider ways the can achieve a similar abundance. Many decide to do it they simple way, utilizing brutality, similar to their saints. At the point when others who tune in or are presented to brutal and peaceful rap recordings were increasingly disposed to communicate materialistic perspectives and favor possibly obtaining assets through wrongdoing, just as holding progressively adverse perspectives on the probability of prevailing through scholastic interests (Copley).Instead of going to class and achieving training they start to take and ransack individuals planning to turning into the pulled out criminals they regard to such an extent. Studies have since quite a while ago demonstrated that media messages profoundly affect youth hazard practices (Parker-pope). Two of those dangerous practices is underage drinking and medication use. Music speaks to a powerful wellspring of substance misuse (Parker-pope). Despite the fact that society sees drinking and medication use as terrible, there are laws to indicate how old you should be to participate in these activities.Of course the young, repeating the demeanor of the ra ppers, and their sentiments of irreverence toward power, attempt it in any case. Countless rap music supporters fall into single parent or low-pay financial classification, making them easily affected to their social status. Because of the way that most youth are as a rule truly susceptible, when they hear something very similar over and again through a great many melodies they start to trust it, significantly more so when it originates from a notable VIP. These big names advance into their good examples, which infrequently are the main good examples youth associate with.The normal immature who tunes in to Just rap would be presented to 251 references for every day (Tanner, Worldly and Seabirds). Larger part of the adolescent who really tune in to rap music have never been acquainted with the medications sung about in the tunes they hear. Youth, attempting to assume the entire representation of the craftsman they may attempt them. Along these lines driving them to lives of enslavement and conceivably detainment. Numerous individuals can concur t that rap music presents celebrated renditions of the negative impacts, provocative and vicious pictures that numerous guardians attempt to ensure their children from.Proven in innumerable investigations, rap acquaints youth with destructive and hazardous ideas. Endless examinations have demonstrated this too. Rap music turns out to be progressively famous with youth right now. So how would we manage rap music? Is it even conceivable? Shouldn't something be said about ability to speak freely and the main change? All we need is for a couple of solid not into such open showings; you can at present assistance, by declining to tune in to rap music. Whatever the case perhaps we need an answer and we need one today.

Tips for Coping With the Life-Changing Loss of a Spouse

Tips for Coping With the Life-Changing Loss of a Spouse Relationships Spouses & Partners Print Tips for Coping With the Death of a Spouse By Sheri Stritof Sheri Stritof has written about marriage and relationships for 20 years. Shes the co-author of The Everything Great Marriage Book. Learn about our editorial policy Sheri Stritof Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on January 24, 2020 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW on January 24, 2020 altrendo images / Stockbyte / Getty Images More in Relationships Spouses & Partners Marital Problems LGBTQ Violence and Abuse Losing a spouse can be devastating, whether the death is sudden or following a long illness. One day you are married; the next day you are single, alone, and grieving. Between the intense emotions, the lifestyle changes, and the many practical considerations that accompany the death of your spouse, you probably feel overwhelmed and anxious about your future. Advice for Dealing With Grief That Comes With the Loss of a Spouse Over time, the grief will likely subside and you will build a new life for yourself. In the meantime, here are some tips to help you cope. Go Easy on Yourself There is no right way to feel after losing your spouse. So many variables contribute to your reaction, including how long and happy your marriage was, how your spouse died, how old your children are (if you have them), and how dependent you were on one another. You may feel numb, shocked, brokenhearted, or anxious. You may feel guilty for being the one who is still alive or relieved that your spouse is no longer suffering if he or she was ill for a long time. You might even feel angry at your spouse for leaving you. You may cry a lot, or you may not. How you grieve is unique to you.?? Be prepared for friends and family who may not know what to say, avoid you, or try to comfort you with cliches (such as hes in a better place). Often, well-meaning people are uncomfortable talking about death, but it doesnt mean they dont care. If you can, tell those close to you what you need (or dont need). If people avoid mentioning your spouse, for example, and you actually want to talk about him, let them know. Keep in mind that your friends and family are also grieving and may find it comforting to share memories of your spouse. Take Care of Your Physical Health Grieving can take a toll on your body as well as your emotions. You may have no appetite or trouble sleeping. It may be easier said than done, but try to take care of yourself by eating well, exercising, and getting enough sleep. Try to avoid drowning your sorrows by drinking excessively, as that can actually exacerbate your pain. One study found that the risk of death for the surviving spouse goes up, particularly in the first three months of bereavement.??  Taking care of your physical health in the months after your loss is essential. Be sure to let your healthcare provider know if you are having trouble following through on everyday activities, like getting dressed or fixing meals for yourself. Seek Support Coping with the aftermath of loss is often extremely lonely and confusing, and it is not unusual to feel depressed. The loss of a spouse is also associated with an elevated risk of the onset of a number of different psychiatric disorders. Studies suggest that a lack of social support after an unexpected loss is a key predictor of depression.?? For this reason, it is important to reach out to other people in your life for help.  You may be inclined to turn inward, but youll probably fare better if you seek support from family, friends, your religious community (if you have one), or a counselor. Joining a support group with other people who are grieving can also be very comforting. Your healthcare provider, therapist, or local hospital can usually provide information on locating such groups. Numerous bereavement groups are available online as well. The 8 Best Online Therapy Programs Sort Your Social Life Navigating your social life as a single person can be complicated. If you and your spouse socialized with other couples regularly, you may not know how to fit in now. You may feel awkward going to parties and other events solo. Tell your friends how you feel and explain that you may need to avoid couples dinner parties and get-togethers for a while and see friends one-on-one instead. However, being single can also provide a welcome opportunity to seek out new friends. Consider volunteering or taking a class to motivate you to get out of the house and pursue something meaningful.?? Signs of Complicated Grief Losing a spouse is life-changing and profound grief is a normal reaction. Sometimes, though, grief is so profound that it interferes with your ability to move forward with your own life. This is known as complicated grief and it affects an estimated 7% of bereaved people. Signs include:?? Feeling as if you have no purpose anymoreHaving difficulty performing everyday activitiesExperiencing continued feelings of guilt, or blaming yourself for your loved one’s deathWishing you had died as wellLosing the desire to socialize If you cant get past these feelings, talk to your doctor or a therapist, who can recommend treatment options. A Word From Verywell As hard as losing a spouse is, it is possible to create a new and fulfilling life for yourself while still cherishing the memories of your relationship.

Blogging at ThePensters.com helps you get more orders

Each writer registered at ThePensters.com has his own profile where all the necessary information about his academic competence and achievements is stored for the convenience of our customers. Furthermore, we have granted each writer a unique opportunity to blog about the spheres they are most proficient in to show what they are really worth. Some of you may start wondering and tormenting yourself with questions like: Why blog if I have already stated all the necessary info about myself within my profile? The answer appears to be very simple. Blogging at ThePensters.com is a powerful tool brought to you by our team to help you promote yourself and make you stand out among the other writers. Constantly blogging at ThePensters.com helps you advertise yourself extensively and show the customer that you are exactly the right person to do the job. Say, you consider yourself to be a top-notch expert in the field of political science and expect to have a decent amount of orders to handle, b ut for some inconceivable reason it is the other fellow that snatches it all, even though his profile and academic background is not as sublime and persuasive as yours. However, do not hasten to sound the alarm yet, since the explanation lies within. Most likely, your colleague turned out to be more businesslike and industrious than you and had been blogging for a while before, in order to emphasize his strong points and attract the attention of the potential customers to his very profile. To understand all the significance of blogging within your profile it is important to have some basic knowledge as to how a conventional search engine works. It would not be a striking revelation to any of you to learn that whenever the customer is using a search engine to find a professional writer to help him with the assignment, he is using certain keywords that are most likely to forward him to the website that matches the words used for this purpose. Given the circumstances, blogging about po litical science or whatever you feel you are superior in and using corresponding buzz words pertaining to the sphere would help your profile become conspicuous enough among the vast variety of all the other worthy candidates, who could take the assignment over. Blogging at ThePensters.com greatly increases the odds that the customer proceeds to your profile and requests you as the writer to work on his order.

The Uniform Code Of Military - 1686 Words

The Uniform Code of Military justice (UCMJ) is a federal law, enacted by congress. It defines the military justice system and lists criminal offenses under military law (military). The president enacts rules by executive order known as Manual for Courts-Martial (MCM). The Manual for Court Martial details the rules and regulations for military court-martials and provides for maximum punishments for each military offense listed in the punitive articles of the UCMJ (Military). There is also a Non-Judicial Punishment, which consist of an article 15. Non-judicial punishment consist of normally and article 15. It is the most common type of punishment in the military. Non-judicial punishment is often called mast in the Navy and Coast Guard, and office hours in the Marine Corps (military). In an article 15 hearing the commanding officer is the judge and jury. There are 3 grades of article 15’s. There is summarized, company grade and field grade. In summarized and company grade, any commander can carry out the punishment. The punishment for a summarized article 15 is extra duty for 14 days. With a company grade service members may lose 7 days of base pay or even be reduced one pay grade for E4 and below. For field grade the commander administering the article 15 must be a major in rank or higher. Punishment is (a.) extra duty for 45 days (b.) restriction for 60 days (maximum of 45 days if combined with extra duty) (c.) oral reprimand or admonition (d.) forfeiture ofShow MoreRelatedUniform Code Of Military Justice1513 W ords   |  7 PagesUniform Code of Military Justice The purpose of this paper is to research the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ) and related policies. This examination seeks to explore the various aspects UCMJ by looking into the elements of the Uniform Code of Military Justice and by addressing the following: 1. Uniform Code of Military Justice 2. Non Judicial Punishment 3. Three types of court martial 4. Different types of discharges Understanding the needs of military families and the need to provide forRead MoreDisobey: Uniform Code of Military Justice1186 Words   |  5 PagesDisobey Failure to obey any lawful order or regulation shall be punished under the Uniform Code of Military Justice. (Article 92) When I was young I was told to be nice and follow all the rules and do what I was told especially in school. Here in the Marines is no different there are many rules and regulations that are meant to be followed under the Uniform Code of Military Justice Article 92.It’s Important to keep following the orders you are given by anyone who is higher rank than you or beenRead MoreTherapeutic Jurisprudence And The Uniform Code Of Military Justice7095 Words   |  29 PagesAND THE UNIFORM CODE OF MILITARY JUSTICE (UCMJ) Lorna Kennedy* I. INTRODUCTION In recent years scholars, throughout the legal and educational domain, have considered a vast range of topics through a Therapeutic Jurisprudence (TJ) lens, to include, the characteristics of mental disability law, family law, criminal law and criminal procedure, employment law, gay rights law, and tort law. But, nowhere has there been a comprehensive plea for therapeutic jurisprudence within the military. UntilRead MoreTherapeutic Jurisprudence And The Uniform Code Of Military Justice7095 Words   |  29 PagesAND THE UNIFORM CODE OF MILITARY JUSTICE (UCMJ) Lorna Kennedy* I. INTRODUCTION In recent years scholars, throughout the legal and educational domain, have considered a vast range of topics through a Therapeutic Jurisprudence (TJ) lens, to include, the characteristics of mental disability law, family law, criminal law and criminal procedure, employment law, gay rights law, and tort law. But, nowhere has there been a comprehensive plea for therapeutic jurisprudence within the military. UntilRead MoreThe Uniform Code of Military Justice Limits Speech Rights of American Military Service2600 Words   |  11 PagesThe Uniform Code of Military Justice Limits Speech Rights of American Military Service members †¨ There are multiple military directives and regulations that limit service members’ free speech rights. These are found within Defense Department Directives and Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ). Outside of the military, much of these restrictions would be allowed unconstitutional. However, courts tend to defer to the military’s courts, so these limitations have continued. Congress enacted the UCMJRead MoreArticle 92 - Essay1237 Words   |  5 Pages92 of the uniform code of military justice is when a solider fails to obey an order or regulation given to them by an NCO, officer, or someone pointed above them in section or squad. Article 92 is perhaps the most important article in the entirety of the Uniform Code of Military Justice. Any military member, whether in the Army, Air Force, Marines, Navy, or Coast Guard who fail to obey a lawful order of their superiors risk serious consequences. Article 92 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice makesRead MoreArticle 92 - Essay1245 Words   |  5 Pages92 of the uniform code of military justice is when a solider fails to obey an order or regulation given to them by an NCO, officer, or someone pointed above them in section or squad. Article 92 is perhaps the most important article in the entirety of the Uniform Code of Military Justice. Any military member, whether in the Army, Air Force, Marines, Navy, or Coast Guard who fail to obey a lawful order of their superiors risk serious consequences. Article 92 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice makesRead MoreCode Of Military And Military Justice1102 Words   |  5 PagesThe Uniformed Code of Military Justice (UCMJ) is the basis of the military legal system (Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), 2014). In the UCMJ there are many articles that list the procedure for punishments and court system (Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), 2014). The UCMJ applies to active members who are in the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Air Force, Coast Guard, â€Å"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Corps (NOAA), and Public Health Service Commissioned CorpsRead MoreDisrespecting Authority969 Words   |  4 Pagesthe uniform code of military justice states that, when a solider fails to obey an order or regulation given to them by an NCO, officer, or someone pointed above them in section or squad. Article 92 is perhaps the most important article in the entirety of the Uniform Code of Military Justice. Any military member, whether in the Army, Air Force, Marines, Navy, or Coast Guard who fail to obey a lawful order of their superiors risk serious consequences. Article 92 of the Uniform Code of Military JusticeRead MoreCustoms and Courtesies Essays700 Words   |  3 Pagescorps and unity. This is what makes the Marine Corps the brotherhood that it has become. Military courtesies include correct forms of address like; Sir, and Maam, and when each should be used; the salute, and standing at attention, proper wear of military covers, and the rules for behavior in different ceremonies. Specifics can change depending on an individuals rank, location, and conditions. A military funeral, for example, requires stricter etiquette than a normal day. Courtesies are sometimes

Sexuality and Gender in the Therapeutic Relationship Free Essays

Sexuality and gender in the therapeutic relationship There is a minefield awaiting the counsellor who has not given much time in the study of gender issues in the therapeutic relationship. When we enter a room to see a client, we are encouraged to bring ourselves as a complete person, so we can create a relationship with the client, and thus facilitate the changes he/she needs. To bring ourselves into the relationship we bring all aspects of our identity including our sexuality and our sexual hang-ups and our pre-conceived gender notions. We will write a custom essay sample on Sexuality and Gender in the Therapeutic Relationship or any similar topic only for you Order Now In spite of the fact that we are in a post-Victorian, post Irish catholic guilt, post free love time. We all carry the accumulated burden of our forefathers, educators policy makers and others. Firstly being male or female dictate how we deal with any situation. Whether its talking to our mothers to opening a can. Our gender and how we perceive ourselves in it informs our view of the world. If we look at the profession itself as a whole, counselling is defined by gender. Simply put there are more female counsellors than male by a huge factor. Also there are many more female clients than male. This tells us volumes. The profession is a caring one and is top heavy with those whose gender attract them to the caring professions. This puts a gender bias on all that psychotherapy does. Also the predominance of female clients can put the few male counsellors on their guard. This is because the person sitting opposite us in the room is our client, but also is a woman, with physical attributes and a subject of attraction to the male counsellor. Counselling is a one-to-one relationship that exists between two humans in which one is the focus ant the other is the companion or guide. The sex of the two protagonists is probably the first aspect that will impress upon either one. â€Å"The client coming for the first time might already know that she or he will be seeing a man or a woman. She might have certain expectations as result of this knowledge, for example she might expect a woman to be gentle and supportive and a man to be more judgemental and confrontational. † Palmer (1997) Therapy will tend to be dominated by the structures that society imposes on both the counsellor and the client. Once the therapist is aware of this here are two ways he/she can go. First they can try to act as if they are a â€Å"tabla rasa† or blank slate and be as neutral as possible and hope that by being counsellor first and a sexual being second. This is guaranteed to be a failure, primarily because the blank slate idiom is aspirational and not very practical. Also it goes against concreteness as the therapist will not be â€Å"there† in any real sense and wil l not function in any valid person centred way. The other alternative is â€Å"Explicit treatment†, which put gender issues at centre stage of therapy. This requires a clear understanding of the gender position of both protagonists in the therapeutic relationship. The dynamic between both is not a static situation as the initial meeting causes automatic reaction in the therapist. For example when faced with an attractive female client a male counsellor may think. â€Å"Nice smile, good legs† or â€Å"not pretty†, etc.. This gives way to â€Å"Good speaker, Lovely laugh,. † Then the presenting problem is aired and it would be hoped that the â€Å"skilled helper† mentality kicks in. But the societal hooks have dug into the therapist and may affect his relationship with the client. So until gender is expressed in some way it is hidden and can surface in an unhelpful way. There are many ways that this can be expressed. If part of the problem is self confidence issues, there would be a perfect lead in to a confidence boosting â€Å"You see yourself as ugly but you are an attractive woman with a strong personality. † for example. If the client dresses attractively it may be how she always dresses, perhaps as armour against the world. When people begin to see a counsellor they often see this as a new beginning and the attractive dress of the client might be an expression of her â€Å"newâ€Å" personality, making a strong effort to face the world more robustly, and to leave it uncommented on might do harm to her new-found confidence. Also it may be simple transference, so this should be explored in the therapeutic relationship. Other Gender Issues In our world we are also subject to the â€Å"Dominant Discourse† of our society. These are the system of statements, practices, and structures that share a common value and sustain a world view. It is so easy to let our societies be reflected in the therapy room, especially how we view gender. The best way to insure that society’s dominant discourses do not alter the desired â€Å"shape† of therapy is to make gender issues explicit in the therapy dialogue when relevant to the discussion. Explicit treatment can lead to reconstructions of the dominant discourses or at least an opening up to alternative discourses. We make assumptions when we meet clients, Housewife, business man, etc.. The male therapist may feel pressured to â€Å"fix† his female clients â€Å"problems† A female therapist may feel the need when dealing with a male client to display a very strong nurturing role and may avoid challenging her client into action. Conversely the therapist may, when facing a powerful man with attitude to match may become businesslike and direct because that is what society tells us to do when we â€Å"do business†. Same sex client and counsellor can be a problem too. Two people, especially if their backgrounds are similar, can collude with one another and not challenge if the therapist is not aware of the human tendency to let a cosy cartel of collusion to develop between two people of the same sex. There also may be a frisson between two people of the opposite sex and may cause an unease between them just because they are the opposite sex and carry whatever societal burden is imposed on them. The above attitudes are â€Å"static† and can be monitored and adjusted if the counsellor is aware of their presence and their effect can be lessened by self examination, supervision and personal therapy. But there is a more insidious side to gender issues. This is a â€Å"fluid† attitude change. If a male counsellor has been out for a game of rugby with his friends he could have a more â€Å"macho† base to his personality than if he has recently left the embrace of his loving wife and family. This could affect his dealings with a client. How we interact with our fellow man is affected by our experiences immediately before meeting them. An incident while driving may put us in an emotional state where our patience with the opposite sex may be compromised. There is an unfortunate side effect in the way society loudly defines our gender and how it manifests itself. We can become so preoccupied by our gender and the its affect on us in the counselling room that by being careful about how it affects us that we cease to be effective in our dealing with another human. AN ALTERNATIVE VIEW Janet Shibley Hyde of the University of Wisconsin-Madison has reviewed evidence from studies on cognition, communication, social and personality variables, psychological well-being, motor behaviours and other variables. She has turned all these aspects of gender in to one â€Å"meta survey† and came to the conclusion that fully 78% of the much vaunted differences between me and women are small or close to zero. (Hyde, 2005). There are 3 main areas of difference. Sexuality – in particular attitudes to sex in uncommitted relationships, Aggression – Men are usually the more aggressive . Motor performance – Men are better at throwing, jumping, running and such. So why are we so hung up on our differences if there are so few between the genders? Society has painted them in lurid colours and made us believe they are intractable. Perhaps it is not our position as men or women, but our position as humans that looks for differences that are not there, to define us as people. It also reminds us that rather than accuse the nebulous â€Å"Society† of putting a bias on our view of other humans we should remember that we are society ourselves. As Hyde puts it â€Å"It is time to consider the costs of over inflated claims on gender differences. Arguably, they cause harm in numerous realms, including women’s opportunities in the workplace, couple conflict and communication, and analyses of self-esteem problems with adolescents. Most important, these claims are not consistent with the scientific data. † Hyde (2005). Also there is the concept of gender as limiting rather than defining. Judith Butler (1956-) is Professor of Comparative Literature and Rhetoric at the University of California, Berkeley, and is well known as a theorist of power, gender, sexuality and identity. In her most influential book Gender Trouble (1999), Butler gave the history of feminism, a much vaunted alternative to the common view of gender, and argued that they had made a mistake by trying to assert that ‘women’ were a group with common characteristics and interests. That approach, Butler said, performed ‘an unwitting regulation and reification of gender relations’ — and reinforced the simplistic binary view of gender, albeit from an alternative view. If there are only two sides then no matter what side we choose we still support a simple binary view. Rather than opening up possibilities for a person to form and choose their own individual identity, â€Å"masculinism† never did it and feminism has closed the options down. Butler argues that sex (male, female) is the cause of gender (masculine, feminine) which is seen to cause desire (towards the other gender). Butler’s approach is basically to destroy the supposed links between these, so that gender and desire are flexible, unmoored from biology and not ’caused’ by other stable factors. Butler says: ‘There is no gender identity behind the expressions of gender; †¦ identity is performatively constituted by the very â€Å"expressions† that are said to be its results. ‘ Butler J. (1999) . In other words, gender is a performance; it’s what you do at particular times, rather than a universal who you are. In the counselling room we may be victims of this binary problem. CONCLUSION As I read back over this essay I find that I have no personal recognisable stance on the issue of gender and sexuality. Perhaps I have had the fortune to be brought up in a liberal, forward thinking household and am less affected by society’s strictures. But alternatively I may be carrying around significant biases but not realise it. Also, if Hyde is right, I may be carrying around biases for differences that in the main part do not exist and this essay is a figment of my own imagination, an illusion that I share with the rest of humanity. And if I carry such a burden, the all of my fellow human carry similar ones so perhaps they cancel each other out. If we are to be real in the counselling room and we subscribe to Ms. Butlers ideas that unless we are careful to separate from gender we continue to perform the dance that we have been trained to do for millennia. BIBLIOGRAPHY Palmer Stephen, McMahon Gladeana, (1997), â€Å"Handbook of Counselling† page 272, Routledge. New York. Hyde, J. S. (2005). The gender similarities hypothesis. American Psychologist, 60(6), 581-92. And 590. Butler Judith (1999) â€Å"Gender Trouble† p 25. Routledge New York How to cite Sexuality and Gender in the Therapeutic Relationship, Papers

Roosevelt, Theodore (1858-1919), 26th President Of The United States (

Roosevelt, Theodore (1858-1919), 26th president of the United States (1901-09), the first president to exploit the public dimensions of his office in an age of mass communications, a reform leader at home and a skilled diplomat abroad. In his lifetime Roosevelt became a personal model, particularly for the country's youth, in a way that no public figure has matched. He was one of the most popular presidents in American history. The son of a wealthy, socially prominent merchant, Roosevelt was born in New York City on October 27, 1858. He was educated by private tutors and studied at Harvard University, graduating in 1880 as a member of Phi Beta Kappa and the most prestigious social clubs. Ill health marred his boyhood, and he suffered poor eyesight, attacks of asthma, and nervous digestion, before teenage body-building efforts transformed him into a strong, vigorous young man. After his father's sudden death in 1878, Roosevelt forsook scientific ambitions, developed political interests, and became engaged to Alice Lee of Boston, whom he married in 1880. Alice Roosevelt died in 1884, just after the birth of their only child. Their daughter, also named Alice, as Alice Roosevelt Longworth became a well-known Washington personality in later years. In 1886 Roosevelt married Edith Carow of New York, who became his most valued adviser. They had a daughter and four sons, the oldest of whom, Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., was a decorated hero in the two world wars. Early Political Career After graduation from college, Roosevelt entered politics and abandoned the study of law when, as a Republican, he was elected to the New York State Assembly in 1881. He attracted immediate attention in the press with his upper-class background, colorful personality, and bold independence. In 1884, after serving three years in the Assembly, he left politics briefly, both from grief at the death of his wife and because he had alienated the reform wing of his party that year by supporting James G. Blaine for the presidency. Roosevelt spent the next two years ranching and hunting in the Dakota Territory, which began his identification with the Wild West. He continued to write histories, biographies, and magazine articles, producing more than a dozen books between 1880 and 1900. Back in politics in 1886, he ran unsuccessfully for mayor of New York City, campaigned for the national Republican ticket in 1888, and served as Civil Service commissioner in Washington, D.C., from 1889 to 1895. From 1895 to 1897, Roosevelt renewed political ties and enhanced his fame with his energetic, reform-minded service as New York City's police commissioner. After campaigning for his party's national ticket again in 1896, he became assistant secretary of the navy and worked to expand and modernize the navy and get the United States into war with Spain over Cuba. War Hero and Vice President The Spanish-American War made Roosevelt a nationally known figure. His volunteer cavalry regiment, which included both cowboys and aristocrats like himself, was dubbed the Rough Riders and received extensive press coverage. Their charge at the Battle of San Juan Hill in Cuba (July 1898) was the most celebrated exploit of the war. Roosevelt became a popular hero overnight, and his favorite nickname for the rest of his life was the Colonel. He reaped a swift political reward when his party's New York boss, Senator Thomas C. Platt, chose him to run for governor in the face of scandals that threatened a Republican defeat. Enormous crowds greeted the candidate wherever he appeared in the 1898 campaign, and he carried his ticket to a narrow victory. Those crowds and similar outpourings when Roosevelt traveled west to a Rough Riders' reunion in 1899 propelled him toward the Republican vice-presidential nomination as William McKinley's running mate in 1900. Also favoring his nomination was S enator Platt's desire to get him out of New York. Roosevelt was an activist, independent governor, who did not submit to the Republican organization; he responded to popular disquiet over big business and showed his own concern over conservation of natural resources. Gracefully although unwillingly submitting to the vice-presidential draft, Roosevelt demonstrated his energy and popularity again in the 1900 campaign, as he made whirlwind tours appealing to patriotic memories of the war. He had little to

Democracy in Athens essays

Democracy in Athens essays From Athens to Today: The Evolution of Democracy The form of political organization that evolved in the polis of Athens over the course of the sixth, fifth, and fourth centuries B.C. is one of the most well-known legacies of the Greco-Roman world. This idea, known as democracy, is now widely accepted as the most desirable form of human political organization. Moreover, the Athenian democracy represents one of the longest periods of popular self-government in human history, equaled among modern countries only by the United States. The Greek word demokratia can be translated literally as the people possess the political power in the state. An Athenian invention, democracy, is traditionally credited to Kleisthenes, but the reforms of 508 and 507 B.C. that go under his name were the result of many different forces. Democracy continued to develop over nearly two centuries from 508 to 322. While democracy got its roots in ancient Greece, it is important to make a distinction between ancient democracy and the various modern versions of government under the same name. In ancient Greece, the government of the people by the people and for the people was carried out directly by the citizens, whereas in modern democracies voters (who are not necessarily citizens) elect representatives to take decisions on their behalf and have no direct access to political power on a day-to-day basis. Athens, it seems, was a direct, not representative, democracy. The structure and functioning of the Athenian direct democracy differed greatly from those of our representative democracy. There were no government departments, no civil service, and only a limited archive system. Decisions were taken and executed directly by the Athenian people. Much of the appeal of the ancient democracy rested upon the attractiveness of two closely related ideas: first, that all citizens, despite differences in their socio-economic standing, should ha...

Massospondylus - Facts and Figures

Massospondylus - Facts and Figures Name: Massospondylus (Greek for large vertebrae); pronounced MASS-oh-SPON-dill-us Habitat: Woodlands of South Africa Historical Period: Early Jurassic (208-190 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 13 feet long and 300 pounds Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Large, five-fingered hands; long neck and tail About Massospondylus Massospondylus is a good example of the class of dinosaurs known as prosauropodssmall-to-medium sized, small-brained herbivores of the early Jurassic period whose relatives later evolved into towering sauropods like Barosaurus and Brachiosaurus. In early 2012, Massospondylus made headlines thanks to the discovery in South Africa of preserved nesting grounds, containing fossilized eggs and embryos, dating to the early Jurassic period (about 190 million years ago) This plant-eaterwhich paleontologists believe stomped in stampede-sized numbers across the plains of early Jurassic South Africais also a case study in changing views of dinosaur behavior. For decades, it was widely believed that Massospondylus walked on all fours, only occasionally rearing up on its hind legs to reach vegetation. In the last few years, though, convincing evidence has come to light that Massospondylus was primarily bipedal, and faster (and more agile) than was previously believed. Because it was discovered so early in paleontological historyin 1854, by the famous naturalist Sir Richard OwenMassospondylus has generated its share of confusion, as various fossil remains have been incorrectly assigned to this genus. For instance, this dinosaur has been identified (at one time or another) with such dubious and now-discarded names as Aristosaurus, Dromicosaurus, Gryponyx, Hortalotarsus, Leptospondylus, and Pachyspondylus.

Job Design as a Motivational Tool Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Job Design as a Motivational Tool - Essay Example Job enrichment is the practice of enhancing job content by building into it more motivating factors such as responsibility, achievement, recognition, and personal growth (Schermerhorn & Hunt & Osborn). A small business owner depends a lot on the output of their staff since resources are limited. The employees must be empowered by the owner in order to get more out these employees. The job enrichment strategy can be used effectively by proving the employee with higher level of involvement in the everyday activities of the business so that the employee feels that the overall performance of the company is highly dependent of the work the person is performing. Job enlargement increases the variety of tasks by combining two or more jobs into job description that used to be performed by different set of workers. This is a very typical scenario in a small business. Sometimes the accountant is also the marketing executives. The small business owner can use this strategy, but the owner must m ake sure the employee is being compensated adequately in financial terms so that the person does not feel he / she is being exploited. Job rotation is a work layout technique that involves a horizontal approach which involves the periodical shifting or rotating of employees into different job tasks. In small company job rotation occurs intrinsic without the employees noticing the business owner is shifting their job duties. The business need determines the rotation of the employee. Employees get motivated when the manager gives them different tasks to perform because the monotony of repetitive work tasks is eliminated. Employees enjoy working in a place where their time needs are part of the equation. A system that provides the flexibility employees desired is flextime. Flextime is a job design system that allows the employee to select the time he or she will

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Value and Risk Management - MSc Civil Engineering and Construction Management - Assignment Example Our aim at present is to provide a brief background of our consultancy firm. We have been in this business for years, delivering professional service and expertise to companies and organisations in improving their strategic plans and in the conduct of value management and value engineering studies as we have vast knowledge of concepts and methodologies on this area. SBE Innovations Ltd., a partnership of private and public sectors, is a valued client. This paper is an initial report on the study that our VM/VE team conducted on the proposed recreation and commercial centre. The first part is a study on value management with a focus on the site inspection, the objectives for the conduct of VM/VE, the workshop, discussions and brainstorming, and other tools our team has conducted. Functional analysis provided the needs of SBE Innovations through recommendations to minimize unnecessary costs and maximize the potential benefits of the different functions of the project. The second part deals on value engineering involving imaginative and creative efforts, and methods and means to provide substitute materials, tools and processes which can give a valuing ‘map’ for the project. Value management is the first activity that we will apply at the early stage of the project. This is a step-by-step analysis, employing scientific methods, discussions, brainstorming, and all possible logical means to arrive at a low-cost with high value for the client’s project. This study will be a collaboration of the different stakeholders including department heads and key employees of SBE Innovations and our very own team. They will carry out a workshop to undertake value management and value engineering. The team will conduct functional analysis and provide suggestions, including inputs from the different stakeholders and the people in the field in order to provide the greatest

Merchant of Venice Essay: The Role of Jessica -- Merchant Venice Essay

The Role of Jessica in Merchant of Venice The character of Jessica, in Shakespeare’s Merchant of Venice serves an important function in respect to her father, Shylock. By deserting him for a Christian husband, Shylock loses the last person with whom he has any kind of tie. Shylock’s isolation becomes a vital part of his character, and drives his merciless actions against Antonio. Throughout the play, everyone who could claim any type of social or familial tie to Shylock leaves him. Launcelot the Clown, moves to a Christian master, who has the,"grace of God..." (II,ii L.139) His own daughter Jessica forsakes him, and his entire Jewish culture, to marry Lorenzo, and become a Christian. Thus Shylock has no one from whom he can receive solace. Shylock, therefore, becomes a character motived by isolation, and a feeling of desertion. His emphasis on the binding values of money and law are the only thing he can claim as his own. When Shylock finds out about his daughter’s trickery, he begins to forsake the bonds of family, in sake of temporal laws defining right ...

Auto Industry

Founded on June 6, 1925 by Walter P. Chrysler, this American automobile manufacturer had existed on between the year 1925 and 1998 and was named as the Chrysler Corporation. The corporation was born from the residuals of the Maxwell Motor Company. The first Chrysler automobile was made in the month of January of the year 1924 when Walter Chrysler made a rescue job for the Willys car company during the early 1920s. At an affordable price that the consumer might expect upon this 6-cylinder Chrysler automobile, with an advanced and being a well-engineered car, triggered the beginning of the Chrysler Corporation.In 1926, the Maxwell Company had been rebranded and re-engineered under the name Chrysler and Walter Chrysler as the president (Answers). In 1979, the Chrysler Corporation seemed to be in the midst of bankruptcy. A gas crisis occurred during the year 1973, a great challenged the Chrysler Corporation must face. Also, the corporation’s redesigned ponycars doesn’t seem to catch the attention of the buyers. During these years also is the declination of the sales of the large-car and were also the times where the Barracude and the Dodge Challenger end were spotted.This was really a hard time for the corporation. In 1977, one of the company’s branches abroad, the Chrysler Europe collapsed. A hope retained when the Chrysler Australia was sold to Mitsubishi Motors where money on hand is really a great help. Right before the Chrysler Corporation had fully recovered, the second gas crisis strikes again bringing disaster lowering the sales of the large cars and trucks of the Chrysler Corporation. At this moment of time, there would be no backbone to support the company that can save them the second time around.The Chrysler Corporation had made a petition for a loan of US $1. 5 billion in the US government. This may be the best thing to do for the corporation not to reach its bankruptcy. That loan had guaranteed the avoidance of the corporation to bankruptcy and then the Chrysler Corporation went back to the automobile business creating innovative models such as the K-car platform and the minivan concept and fights its way back (Answers). The present General Manager and CEO of the Chrysler Corporation is Tom Lasorda. The DaimlerChrysler call out for the sale of the Chrysler to the prospected buyer.The Canada’s Magna Corporation, together with â€Å"a private equity partner† which seems to be The Blackstone Group LP, offered an amount of $4. 6 billion for the Chrysler from the DainlerChrysler. The General Motors also showed an interest upon buying the Chrysler. In addition, Ford and Toyota are also found on the rumors as a suitor of the Chrysler. Analysts point out that Ford is out of the play because they will have to sell first their Aston Martin to get the amount of money. Toyota also is out of the floor for the reason that buying the Chrysler would cost them more millions of bucks than creating a new one.And lately, another buyer came up. Billionaire Kerkorian made an offer of cash amounting to $4. 5 billion to buy the Chrysler (Leftlanenews). If the Chrysler was sold to General Motors, the GM would be willing to spend cash worth of $18 billion dollars restructuring the Chrysler. Also, if the buyer was other, the first thing that would come up to their mind is the restructuring of the Chrysler itself. Section 2. Bankruptcy of Delphi and other Suppliers of Auto Parts Bankruptcy has also come to threaten even the largest auto parts supplier of the world, the Delphi.There is a net loss of Delphi on the first six months of this year amounting to $741 million. Of the last year, Delphi also had a net loss of $4. 8 billion. The company’s stocks have been put to on a downgraded junk status. This big loss on the net income of the company was caused by the continuous increase in the fuel prices. In addition to this, there is also a declining share of US automakers in the market that puts u p too much pressure on Delphi. In 1999, GM had decided to get rid of Delphi as their major supplier of auto parts.That is for the reason that Delphi was asking for a bailout for the company which would cost the GM an amount reaching to $6 billion. In addition to this, GM would also have other expenses of paying for the medical and pension benefits of the workers of Delphi. Other auto parts supplier had followed the announcing their bankruptcy and has threatened the US auto industry. The effect of this bankruptcy if it happens would initiate destruction of jobs of hundreds of thousands of workers in the auto industry (Isaacs). Section 3. Toyota and other Large Car Manufacturer’s ExpansionToyota together with its successful in the auto industry in the land of the United States of America would probably decide of expanding the company’s market. In November 13, 2006, a news item from the Los Angeles Times states that there is a leaked copy of the â€Å"global master planà ¢â‚¬  of the Toyota Motor Corporation. In the global master plan, there states that by 2010, Toyota will takeover the No. 1 selling spot in the auto industry which was owned by General Motors at this time. Also included on the global master plan was the aim for the 15 percent target of the company on the world car market by the year 2010 (Channel).Toyota Motor Corporation would plunge to Russia, India, China and Brazil markets as confirmed by the company. Their reason; helping in the rapid global expansion of fuel. Together with their expansion on the other part of the world, with their quest of being the â€Å"King of the Car World†, are the auto suppliers clinging to their wheels on their way there. It is simply for the reason that, in the place where the big consumer (of auto supplies) is (Toyota and other car manufacturers), there would be the presence of the suppliers that will feed their needs. References Answers. â€Å"Chrysler†. 2007.April 8 2007. . Channel, T he Auto. â€Å"Leaked: Toyota's â€Å"Global Master Plan† Calls for 15 Percent Worldwide Share by 2010†³. 2006. April 9 2007. . Isaacs, Jerry. â€Å"Delphi Demands Unprecedented Wage Cuts from Us Auto Workers†. 2005. April 9 2007. . Leftlanenews. â€Å"Billionaire Kerkorian Makes Offer to Buy Chrysler Group†. 2007. April 8 2007. .

Importance Of Organisational Behaviour Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2216 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Introduction In the current context there are more competitive for the business. Many companies are producing same items to the market with different trademark. They are running their business with a vision. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Importance Of Organisational Behaviour Business Essay" essay for you Create order For successful vision achievement they have to achieve their goals. So they are in a position to run their organization better than their competitors. So for the successful organisational environment, they have to satisfy their employees. In the present context, when you are working in the organisation, you may think is this the right organisation for you? In my point the many answers will be No. The main reason for this answer Managers have lack of knowledge about how to manage organisational behaviour. Due to this less knowledge, managers straggling to handle employees problems in a proper way and they are not guiding the employees in a line to achieving organisations goal. Because of this many qualified employees are trying to find a job in other organization where having a high-quality management. If qualified employees leave the organisation, organisations goal achievement result will be negative. So the managers should have jam-packed knowledge about organisational behaviour . In this point you will think what is organisational behaviour? There are many definitions for this but simply can say, for a act getting different responds from different people and the way of reaction between two people in the office situation. So good manager will observe this and he could identify that who is proficient and who wants to get more knowledge. If the employee satisfied with his job, they will be more productive and their respond also will be satisfied. For example, if manager employed who is a young, shy and softly spoken girl, manager cannot put her in the role of marketing. Instead, manager can place her in a low stress position that would suit her nature. So the organisational behaviour is not just about keeping employees happy. It is about placing staff in a position that suits their personality and experience as well as helping employees to nurture in a way that they become more of an asset to the business. Literature revive Organisational behaviour is an inevitable process in the organisations. The organisations goals are achieving by their managers, so they should run the organisation effectively. Here we are analysing some important organisational behaviours which knowledge helps to managers. In the organisational environment, all behaviours are interconnected. Manager has to identify the employees behaviour and he has to make the link with other behaviours to effectively run the organisation. For an example if a person who is working efficiently in the marketing field with an extraversion personality, we need to motivate him as well as we have to make a job satisfaction for him. So here personality, motivation and job satisfaction behaviours are interconnected. Here I am analysing some important organisational behaviour about what is behaviour? How these behaviours will help to the managers for decision making? What are the theories has to consider when decision making? Etc. So this will helps to t he managers who are having lack of knowledge about organisational behaviour. Organisational Behaviour importance of todays context Personality What is personality? Until now there is no any agreement on the exact meaning of personality. But there are many ways to describe the personality (i.e strong, weak or polite). My description about personality is The kind of ability which people having. All people they are not having equal mentality, person to person it will differ. So when manager while working with them, he/she can identify their personality and he/she can categorize them with Big Five personality traits. If manager assign a job to a person in inside the office who is having more extraversion, his all talents are shrinking inside the office and he/she wont get effective result from him. But if manager assign him as a marketing person, he/she will get more effective and efficient result from him. 3.2 Motivation Motivation is the process to encourage the employee to work effectively to achieve the organisational goal. Manager has to identify the system to motivate his/her employees. Without an appropriate technique manager cannot satisfy each and every employee. So initially manager has to identify the needs and based on that needs he/she can motivate the employee by provide incentives. There are many theories from many researchers to identify the needs. But Maslows hierarchy of need theory and Herzbergs two factor theories are mostly consider by decision makers. Motivational system can be identified by categorize the employees needs under these theories. For an example if an employee has a need for job security, manager can motivate him by giving long term contract, job related training programme etc. 3.3 Job Satisfaction What is job satisfaction? How manager can satisfy the employee? Simply can say that getting positive result from the one employees job appraisal or job experience, job satisfaction is one of the important attitude. In the job satisfaction many internal factors will influence like the work itself, Payment, Promotion opportunities, Supervision and Co-workers, but in the meanwhile some external factors also influencing. For an example one person is working in the developed area with all internal external facilities. But suddenly management has transferred him to the remote area with same job, where is no external facilities like his previous worked area (travelling facilities, good food etc). When they observed his performance after transfer, it was lesser than previous. So manager has to take action to enhance satisfaction for an example Make jobs more fun, have fair pay, design jobs to make them satisfying and providing office transportation or allowance. Leadership As we discussed earlier, the different personalities are working in organization. There should have monitoring and controlling between staff, so they need a proper leadership. How manager can find correct leadership? What kind of characteristics he/she should have? This type of questions will arise before assign the leader. There are many definitions for leadership. According to Useem, leadership is a matter of making a difference. It entails changing an organisation and making active choices among plausible alternatives, and depends on the development of others and mobilising them to get the job done. Manager can ask a question why managers cant be a leader? As per Watsons 7-S organizational framework he suggests that whereas managers tend towards reliance on strategy, structure, and systems, leaders have an inherent inclination for utilisation of the soft Ss of style, staff, skills, and shared goals. Also manager can see the different characteristic between Manager and Leader as follows. Manager Leader Administers Innovates A copy An original Maintains Develops Focus on systems and structure Focuses on people Relies on control Inspires trust Short-range view Long-range perspective Asks how and when Asks what and why Eye on the bottom line Eye on the horizon Imitates Originates Accepts the status quo Challenges the status quo Classic good soldier Own person Does things right Does the right things When manager intend to recruit or position a leader, he/she should identify above characteristic from that employee. Leadership style There are different styles are following by leaders among their group. Autocratic This style is dominating the staff by his decision. Democratic This style is making decision among consult with others. Laissez-Faire This style is following the systems as it is. It will helps to the managers to identify the correct leader style to the appropriate group. Group Behaviour Group behaviour is two or more individuals, interrelating and co-dependent, who have come together to achieve particular goals. Group behaviour starts from the beginnings that contribute to the groups efficiencies. So manager should know why group behaviour is important? How groups are working? How to develop the groups? What are the characteristics groups should have? While working in the group, employee can reduce the insecurity of standing alone, recognition and status will be provided by others to the group members, possibilities are in the group for achievement which could not achieve as an individual, goal achievement period will be less. Group development Forming : characterized by uncertainly. Storming : characterized by intergroup Norming : characterized by close relationships and cohesiveness Performing : when is fully functional Adjourning : This presents the end of the group, characterized by concern with wrapping up activities rather than task performance. Based on above structure if manager form the group, the behaviour of the group will be efficacy for organisations goal achievement. Training Development Manager is the responsible person to get more work from employees. From the above examples he/she can come across that someone capable someone incapable to handle specific job. So manager has to make everyone as capable workers. What is training programme? How can do this? What are the better ways to conducting training programmes to staff? This type of questions will arise from manager. There are many definitions for training. Steinmez said Training is a short-term process utilizing a systematic and organized procedure by which non-managerial personnel learn technical knowledge and skill and David de Cenzo and S.P. Robbins said Training involves changing of skills, knowledge, attitude or social behaviour (Nirmal Singh, HRM, p404). Before go for a training, manager has to identify the lacking part of employee. There are certain steps to discover the training needs Analysing Jobs and Men: if the men are less capable to perform the particular jobs they can be given training to increase their skills. Collecting Employees and Managerial Opinions: The training section may either by interviews or questionnaires obtain views of different people regarding necessary and desirable training programmes. Anticipating Requirements of Different Jobs: As a manager, you can forecast earlier the manpower requirement on the basis of long-term plans such as business expansion, new technology etc. Training may be given to the existing employees to enable them to meet the requirements of new jobs in the future. Once manager identify the needs, he/she has to plan the training methods. The training programmes should conducted by well trained trainers. Development is the process of transition of an employee from a lower level of ability, skill and knowledge to that of higher level. This transition is influenced by education, training, work experience and environment. Developments are mostly considered for the managerial level staff. Change Management In every organisation change is inevitable and unavoidable. The organisation which fails to change is sure to fail, because change is required to maintain stability to some extent in the functioning of organisation. The managers always keen on these changes. There are two main forces will involve in changes. Internal forces: These forces may either be derived from the change in external environment or may be because of management induced forces. Internal forces mainly include the following: Top management and its philosophy and corporate policy. Retirement, promotion, resignation and transfer of key functionaries of the organisation. Change is the perception, attitude, feelings, beliefs and expectations of the employees working in the organisation. Change is internal environment of the organisation. External forces: These forces include all factors of external environment which directly or indirectly affect the functioning of an organisation. Some of them are as u nder. Socio Culture: Education, population dynamics, rate of urbanisation, social traditions and customs will force the organisation for changes. Economic: It will includes the demand, competition, price mechanism, buying capacity, distribution of income, cost and quality and availability of various resources. Political and Legal: In the political level major opposition party, political stability, morality and values will force the organisation. Technology: In the technology level new techniques of production, innovation of new process etc. Will force the organisation. Work environment: in this environment customer loyalty, supplier regularity, community attitude and recognition of society will force the organisation Once manager identified the factors for changes, he/she should plan to make changes. There are few steps to be followed to make changes. Step 1 Preparing for changeÂÂ  (Preparation, assessment and strategy development) Step 2 Managing chan geÂÂ  (Detailed planning and change management implementation) Reinforcing change Collect and analyze feedback Diagnose gaps and manage resistance Implement corrective actions and celebrate successes Preparing for change Identify change management Strategy Arrange change management Team Develop sponsorship model Managing change Develop change management plan Implement plansStep 3 Reinforcing changeÂÂ  (Data gathering, corrective action and recognition) Conclusion. Above organisational behaviour analysis exposed that how organisational behaviours knowledge is very important to manage the organisation. Each and every behaviours are important because they are inter-connected with each one. If group behaviours are not satisfied, they can go for a training programme. As well as if Leadership style changed, we can identify the lacking part for change and based on that can be motivated or making job satisfaction. Like this all behaviours are linked with other. So when organisation is planned to place a manager, they need to test their behaviour knowledge. So I hope that above my analysis will help to the managers, who are having poor knowledge about organisational behaviour. 5. References https://www.flatworldknowledge.com/node/34687#web-34687 https://www.pateo.com/article6.html https://cgda.nic.in/rt/rtcblr/website/Training%20Material/H%20R%20D/Motivation.htm https://www.coaching-for-new-women-managers.com/job-satisfaction.html https://blueprivate.wordpress.com/2010/05/03/group-behaviour-model-pic/ https://www.management-hub.com/change-management.html https://www.change-management.com/tutorial-change-process-detailed.htm https://www.ehow.com/how_2076444_identify-employee-training-needs.html#ixzz1BXP7leoM